Tariffs and trade

United States-Cuba Trade Act of 2025

This bill repeals the trade embargo on Cuba and other provisions restricting trade and travel to Cuba.

Specifically, the bill (1) removes restrictions on certain transactions related to trademarks used in connection with a confiscated business or asset, (2) extends nondiscriminatory treatment (i.e., normal trade relations treatment) to Cuban products, and (3) prohibits and rescinds limits on remittances to Cuba.

The bill authorizes common carriers to provide telecommunications services between the United States and Cuba. In addition, travel by U.S. citizens and residents to Cuba may not be regulated or prohibited if such travel would be lawful in the United States.

The President shall take all necessary steps to engage with Cuba to (1) negotiate settlements relating to claims that Cuba had taken the property of U.S. nationals, and (2) secure the protection of internationally recognized human rights. The President may, with respect to Cuba, impose new export controls and exercise powers related to declared national emergencies.

The President must submit a specified determination about a foreign country to Congress prior to denying an income tax credit for taxes paid to the foreign country.

Restoring Trade Fairness Act

This bill establishes various trade measures related to China, including by revoking China's permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) status and increasing the rates of duty (i.e., tariffs) on Chinese imported goods. The bill prohibits imported goods originating from North Korea, China, Russia, or Iran from receiving de minimis treatment. (Current law allows for U.S. imports under a de minimis threshold of $800 per shipment to enter free of tariffs, fees, and taxes.)

Specifically, the bill revokes China's PNTR status. Currently, China's PNTR status allows for Chinese goods to have duty rates set forth in column 1 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS). With the removal of China's PNTR status, the bill generally sets the applicable duty rates on imported Chinese goods at the higher rates listed in column 2 of the HTS, with exceptions.

The bill establishes a minimum duty rate of 35% for all Chinese goods, which requires column 2 rates to be at least 35%. However, the bill establishes a minimum duty rate of 100% for a list of specified goods (e.g., various minerals, certain vaccines and drugs, and certain defense-related articles). Duty rates are phased in over five years and adjusted annually for inflation.

The bill also

• authorizes the President to take additional actions related to trade with China,

• requires merchandise imported from China to be appraised based on U.S. value, and

• establishes a trust fund to compensate U.S. producers for lost revenue resulting from retaliatory actions by China.

Curbing Realistic Exploitative Electronic Pedophilic Robots Act 2.0 or the CREEPER Act 2.0

This bill establishes new federal criminal offenses for conduct involving child sex dolls.

Specifically, it makes it a crime to import, transport, buy, sell, distribute, or possess a child sex doll. A violator is subject to criminal penalties—a fine, a prison term, or both.

China Trade Relations Act of 2025

This bill withdraws normal trade relations treatment from China and expands the bases of ineligibility for this treatment to include specified violations of human rights and other actions by China.

Specifically, during any period in which China engages in specified activities (e.g., performing forced abortion or sterilization or operating concentration camps where people are held against their will) or does not comply with certain standards (1) products from China shall not be eligible to receive nondiscriminatory treatment (normal trade relations), (2) China may not participate in any U.S. program that extends credits or credit guarantees or investment guarantees, and (3) the President may not conclude any commercial agreement with China.

Closing the De Minimis Loophole Act

This bill immediately terminates de minimis treatment for goods originating in China and phases out such treatment for goods originating from all other countries. (Current law allows for U.S. imports under a de minimis threshold of $800 per shipment to enter free of tariffs, fees, and taxes.)

Specifically, de minimis treatment ends (1) with respect to goods from China, beginning on the bill's enactment date (with an exception for goods already loaded onto a vessel or in transit during the three-day period that ends on the enactment date); and (2) with respect to goods from any other country, 120 days after the bill's enactment.

During the 120-day period beginning on the date of the bill's enactment, the Department of the Treasury must carry out a rulemaking process. Among other elements, the rulemaking process must ensure that data requirements and entry procedures for informal modes of entry are sufficient to ensure the effective enforcement of U.S. laws and the efficient and accurate collection of duties, fees, and taxes.

The bill directs Treasury, in the case of shipments sent through the international postal network, to determine appropriate fees and procedures to ensure consistency between the treatment of shipments by the U.S. Postal Service and other shipments.

This bill establishes the Tariff Response And Damages to Exports Fund within the Treasury, authorizes certain revenues collected from duties (e.g., tariffs) on certain agricultural products to be deposited into the fund, and requires the Department of Agriculture (USDA) to use the fund to make payments to agricultural producers affected by trade-related market disruptions.

Specifically, the bill authorizes the President to deposit into this fund any revenues collected from duties on imported products that are classified under Chapters 1-24 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (which includes, among other products, live animals, animal and vegetable products, seafood, prepared foodstuffs, and beverages).

USDA must use any amounts deposited into the fund to make payments to agricultural producers that have been affected by trade-related marketed disruptions, including losses USDA determines are due to (1) decreased exports, (2) tariff or non-tariff barriers imposed by foreign countries, or (3) increases in the costs of items and goods necessary for the production of agricultural commodities and livestock.

USDA must annually report to Congress on the total revenues transferred into the fund, the economic impacts on affected agricultural producers, and a summary of assistance provided to these agricultural producers.

The authorities provided by the bill terminate on September 30, 2030, and the bill permanently rescinds the unobligated balances of all amounts available in the fund as of this date.

Restoring Trade Fairness Act

This bill establishes various trade measures related to China, including by revoking China's permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) status and increasing the rates of duty (i.e., tariffs) on Chinese imported goods. The bill prohibits imported goods originating from North Korea, China, Russia, or Iran from receiving de minimis treatment. (Current law allows for U.S. imports under a de minimis threshold of $800 per shipment to enter free of tariffs, fees, and taxes.)

Specifically, the bill revokes China's PNTR status. Currently, China's PNTR status allows for Chinese goods to have duty rates set forth in column 1 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS). With the removal of China's PNTR status, the bill generally sets the applicable duty rates on imported Chinese goods at the higher rates listed in column 2 of the HTS, with exceptions.

The bill establishes a minimum duty rate of 35% for all Chinese goods, which requires column 2 rates to be at least 35%. However, the bill establishes a minimum duty rate of 100% for a list of specified goods (e.g., various minerals, certain vaccines and drugs, and certain defense-related articles). Duty rates are phased in over five years and adjusted annually for inflation.

The bill also

• authorizes the President to take additional actions related to trade with China,

• requires merchandise imported from China to be appraised based on U.S. value, and

• establishes a trust fund to compensate U.S. producers for lost revenue resulting from retaliatory actions by China.

Chip Equipment Quality, Usefulness, and Integrity Protection Act of 2025 or the Chip EQUIP Act

This bill prohibits companies that receive certain federal funds from purchasing specified semiconductor manufacturing equipment made by foreign entities of concern (e.g., companies owned or controlled by China, Iran, North Korea, or Russia) or their subsidiaries for the federally funded project.

The CHIPS Act of 2022, which became law in August 2022, appropriated funding for the Department of Commerce to carry out the CHIPS for America provisions enacted in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021. These provisions included appropriations for financial incentives to expand domestic manufacturing capacities across the semiconductor supply chain, as well as for research and development programs.

Under the bill, Commerce must include in the terms of each agreement with a covered entity (e.g., companies receiving CHIPS funds) prohibitions with respect to a project relating to the procurement, installation, or use of the specified semiconductor manufacturing equipment. The prohibitions must be effective for 10 years beginning on the date on which the agreement is signed.

The bill authorizes Commerce to waive these prohibitions under certain circumstances, such as if the specified semiconductor manufacturing equipment is not produced in the United States or an allied or partner country in sufficient and reasonably available quantities or of a satisfactory quality to support established or expected production capabilities.

Stop Russian Market Manipulation Act

This bill prohibits the importation of specified minerals from Russia.

Specifically, the bill prohibits the importation of platinum, palladium, braggite, rhodium, ruthenium, nickel, cooper, or zinc if the mineral is (1) produced in Russia or by a Russian entity; or (2) determined to have been exchanged with, swapped for, or otherwise obtained in lieu of such a mineral in a manner designed to evade or circumvent this prohibition. The President may not waive this prohibition.

The prohibition shall continue to apply until one year after the President certifies to Congress that the Russian government has ended all hostilities against Ukraine. If the Russian government resumes hostilities against Ukraine within three years of a certification, then the prohibition shall resume effect.

End China’s De Minimis Abuse Act

This bill prohibits certain U.S. imports from receiving de minimis treatment and establishes related civil penalties. (Current law allows for U.S. imports under a de minimis threshold of $800 per shipment to enter free of tariffs, fees, and taxes.)

The bill prohibits imports from receiving de minimis treatment if those imports are subject to specified trade remedies, including

• antidumping and countervailing duty tariffs (Subtitle A or B of Title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930),

• safeguard measures (Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974),

• actions in response to unfair trade practices (Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974), or

• actions for national security purposes (Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962).

The bill requires imports from countries that are subject to trade restrictions under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, in order to receive de minimis treatment, to have a 10-digit classification of the import under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS) that is provided to U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (HTS sets out the tariff rates and statistical categories for all U.S. imports.)

The bill also establishes civil penalties for any person who enters, introduces, or attempts to introduce an import in violation of this bill.

Closing the De Minimis Loophole Act

This bill immediately terminates de minimis treatment for goods originating in China and phases out such treatment for goods originating from all other countries. (Current law allows for U.S. imports under a de minimis threshold of $800 per shipment to enter free of tariffs, fees, and taxes.)

Specifically, de minimis treatment ends (1) with respect to goods from China, beginning on the bill's enactment date (with an exception for goods already loaded onto a vessel or in transit during the three-day period that ends on the enactment date); and (2) with respect to goods from any other country, 120 days after the bill's enactment.

During the 120-day period beginning on the date of the bill's enactment, the Department of the Treasury must carry out a rulemaking process. Among other elements, the rulemaking process must ensure that data requirements and entry procedures for informal modes of entry are sufficient to ensure the effective enforcement of U.S. laws and the efficient and accurate collection of duties, fees, and taxes.

The bill directs Treasury, in the case of shipments sent through the international postal network, to determine appropriate fees and procedures to ensure consistency between the treatment of shipments by the U.S. Postal Service and other shipments.

Stopping Tariffs on Allies and Bolstering Legislative Exercise of Trade Policy Act or the STABLE Trade Policy Act

This bill requires the President to receive congressional approval in order to proclaim or increase the rates of duty (i.e., tariffs) on articles imported into the United States from covered countries. Under the bill, a covered country is (1) a member country of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), (2) a country that has been designated as a major non-NATO ally under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (e.g., Australia, Israel, and Japan), or (3) a country that has in effect a free trade agreement with the United States.

Specifically, the President may proclaim a new or additional covered duty (e.g., a duty proclaimed pursuant to Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962) on an article imported into the United States from a covered country only if (1) the President submits to Congress a request for authorization to proclaim or increase the duty and the request contains specified information, such as a description of the objective the President seeks to achieve with the action and an assessment of the likely impact on the U.S. economy; and (2) a joint resolution of approval is enacted into law.

Maintaining American Superiority by Improving Export Control Transparency Act

This bill requires the Department of Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) to annually report to Congress on export control licensing.

Under current law, BIS administers and enforces controls on the export of dual-use goods (e.g., items with both civilian and military uses) and certain military parts and components. These export controls are implemented primarily under the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (ECRA) through the Export Administration Regulations (EAR).

Under this bill, BIS must annually report to Congress on license applications, enforcement actions, and other requests for authorization for the export, reexport, release, and in-country transfer of items subject to the EAR to covered entities. A covered entity is any entity that (1) is located or operating in a country listed in Country Group D:5 (countries that are identified by the Department of State as subject to U.S. arms embargoes), and (2) is included on the Entity List or the Military End-User List (two of the lists published by BIS containing information on the individuals, organizations, and addresses subject to restrictions involving items subject to the EAR).

The bill requires this report to include specified information, such as the name of the entity submitting the application, where the item is being exported, the decision with respect to the license application or authorization, and information on related enforcement activities to ensure compliance with U.S. export controls. The information shall be exempt from public disclosure (except for aggregate statistics).

Undertaking Negotiations on Investment and Trade for Economic Dynamism Act or the UNITED Act

This bill grants certain authorities to the President for entering into a comprehensive trade agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom (UK).

Specifically, the bill directs the President to seek to initiate negotiations with the UK regarding tariff and nontariff barriers affecting any industry, product, or service sector.

The bill authorizes the President to enter into a comprehensive trade agreement with the UK, with such authority expiring on March 1, 2029. Further, the President may proclaim a modification or continuance of any existing duty or a continuance of existing excise or duty-free treatment to carry out an agreement, with certain limitations.

The bill also requires the President to consult with and notify Congress regarding the intention of the President to enter into an agreement or make a proclamation.

United States Citrus Protection Act

This bill prohibits importing commercially produced fresh citrus fruit originating in China.